Che cos'è un sistema di riscaldamento idronico? È un'opzione di riscaldamento efficace ed efficiente?
I sistemi di riscaldamento idronico sono uno dei sistemi più efficienti dal punto di vista energetico.
Se sei mai entrato in una casa che ha la temperatura giusta ma non ha una ventola o una pompa di calore in vista e ti sei chiesto quale sia il loro segreto, è questo:un sistema di riscaldamento idronico!
I sistemi di riscaldamento idronici sono la soluzione ideale se stai cercando un sistema di riscaldamento pulito ed efficiente dal punto di vista energetico per la tua casa. Come qualsiasi altro sistema là fuori, anche questo ha vantaggi e svantaggi. Ma prima di arrivare a questo punto, diamo un'occhiata a cos'è il riscaldamento idronico e come funziona.
Cos'è il riscaldamento idronico?
Un sistema di riscaldamento idronico, noto anche come riscaldamento radiante, si basa sull'acqua o altri liquidi per riscaldare la tua casa. Questi sistemi costituiscono una fonte di calore e una rete di tubi che trasportano il fluido riscaldato in altre parti della tua casa.
I sistemi di riscaldamento idronici possono essere utilizzati come sistemi radianti a pavimento, sistemi radianti a parete, riscaldatori idronici a battiscopa, scaldasalviette idronici o radiatori.
Gli edifici più grandi possono spesso trarre vantaggio da questo sistema utilizzandolo con le caldaie. Anche molte case residenziali del nord hanno adottato questo sistema a causa delle lunghe stagioni di riscaldamento. Anche le persone che vivono in zone con stagioni di riscaldamento più brevi utilizzano questo sistema su scala molto più ridotta.
Come funzionano i sistemi di riscaldamento idronico?
Il trasferimento di calore può avvenire in tre modi:conduzione, convezione e irraggiamento.
I sistemi di riscaldamento idronico utilizzano conduzione e irraggiamento per mantenere calde le tue case.
In primo luogo, una caldaia utilizza la conduzione per riscaldare l'acqua o un altro liquido utilizzato come mezzo di trasferimento. Quindi, mentre questo liquido passa attraverso il sistema, riscalda tutto ciò che tocca per conduzione. Infine, quando questo liquido riscaldato raggiunge radiatori, pannelli riscaldanti a parete, ecc., utilizza le radiazioni per riscaldare il tuo spazio.
Leggi questo articolo per un confronto dettagliato tra calore radiante e aria forzata.
Vantaggi del sistema di riscaldamento idronico
I sistemi di riscaldamento idronici sono molto efficienti, ma non solo. Questi sistemi hanno una miriade di vantaggi.
1. Crea zone separate
I sistemi idronici ti consentono di creare zone di temperatura per migliorare il tuo comfort.
Ad esempio, invece di avere un termostato in tutta la casa, puoi avere un termostato a doppia zona per variare la temperatura in stanze diverse. Le zone sono un'ottima idea se vivi con qualcuno che ha preferenze di temperatura diverse da te.
2. Livelli di umidità
I sistemi ad aria forzata possono estrarre l'umidità dall'aria mentre la riscaldano, portando a livelli di umidità sbilanciati nella tua casa. I sistemi di riscaldamento idronici non seccano la tua casa come gli altri sistemi di riscaldamento radiante poiché utilizzano un liquido in un sistema chiuso per riscaldare la tua casa.
3. Pavimenti caldi
I sistemi di riscaldamento idronico possono funzionare come riscaldamento radiante a pavimento per rendere i tuoi pavimenti più caldi, così non devi più temere di alzarti dal letto in quelle fredde mattine. I tubi possono essere posizionati sotto il pavimento o in lastre di cemento e il pavimento funge da conduttore per mantenerti a tuo agio.
4. Operazione silenziosa
I sistemi idronici non spostano l'aria per riscaldare la tua casa, a differenza dei sistemi di riscaldamento ad aria forzata. So not only do you not need to stay listening to the rush of air as it passes through the system, but you also don’t have to worry about the sounds of a furnace firing up or groans from the cold ducts as warm air passes through them. So, you’re pretty much rid of all the various air conditioner sounds you have to bear in other heating systems.
5. No Ducts
Ductwork can take up quite a bit of space in your walls and ceilings. Additionally, ducts can also be expensive and messy to install and maintain. Instead, hydronic heating system tubes can be installed in the wall or attached to floor joists. These pipes can also be routed around the existing pipework.
6. No Dust, Pollen, or Allergens
Forced air systems push air into your room to regulate the climate. Unfortunately, this airflow can often bring dust, pollen, pet dander, or other indoor air pollutants, or the brisk moving air can stir up allergens in the room. If you don’t maintain your ducts or change your air filters regularly, this situation can worsen. On the other hand, hydronic heating systems do not rely on ducts, don’t displace air, and are much cleaner.
7. Energy Efficiency
Air isn’t the best heat conductor. It can lose energy as it travels through ducts or leaks through gaps, leading to heat loss. In contrast, water needs less energy to heat since it absorbs heat better and retains the heat for longer. Compared to forced-air heating systems, a hydronic heating system is about 25% more efficient.
8. Hydronic Systems Are Durable
Normal HVAC systems have a lot of moving and mechanical parts, which means they need repairs more often. Instead, hydronic heating systems do not have many mechanical parts, do not need much maintenance, and are more likely to last a long time.
9. Warmer Where It Matters
Hydronic systems are commonly used as radiant floor systems, baseboard heaters, or radiators. Even in radiant wall heating systems, the tubes are installed close to the ground, where you are. Forced air systems are usually at a distance, making hydronic heating systems a better solution.
10. Even Heating
Forced air heating systems use air displacement to keep you warm. However, these systems move air briskly, and the subsequent drafts and breezes may result in uneven heating or cooling around your home. Hydronic heating systems eradicate this issue by using radiation rather than air to keep you warm.
Disadvantages of Hydronic Heating System
Hydronic systems have many perks, but they aren’t without their downsides.
1. Long Heating Time
While water does absorb heat better than air, the heated water needs to travel through the whole system to warm your home up. This process can take quite a long time, and you’ll have to wait longer to benefit from the warmth. Due to this issue, hydronic heating systems are better suited for moderate climates or when consistent temperatures are needed.
2. Space Requirements
Baseboard hydronic systems require additional space on the wall and interrupt your interior. Hydronic heating systems also need a network of pipes to transfer heat to different parts of your home. These pipes can take up a significant amount of space in your home. However, the space required is only about half an inch which is still much lesser than the space ducts take up. This may not be an issue when you’re constructing a new home but adding this system to an existing home may require tearing up floors or walls.
3. Require Maintenance
All closed-loop water heating systems need an expansion tank for safety. These tanks have to be occasionally drained to work efficiently. Since this maintenance task is one of the only ones that hydronic heating systems need, it’s easy to look past, prompting efficiency issues.
4. Hard to Access Piping if a Problem Comes Up
With hydronic heating systems, there’s a slight risk that pipes in the system might leak or burst. While this is a highly unlikely situation, it still poses a threat to the system’s working and your home’s building elements. In addition, the pipes are hidden away under the floor or behind the walls or ceiling, making repairs of this sort a difficult and expensive process.
5. Higher Installation Costs Upfront
Installing a hydronic heating system into an already built home can be very expensive. It requires professional builders, and you will need access to your floor joists. The alternative is to remove the floor or the drywall and then reinstall them with the system installed. If you’re looking to refurbish your home or are building a new house, installing the system in those instances won’t be as cost-restrictive.
6. No Ductwork for Air Conditioning
Since radiant cooling isn’t a widely popular or efficient system, most people only use hydronic systems for heating. So, if you live in an area where you would like central air conditioning, opting for radiant heating isn’t a good idea. In addition, installing two separate systems for heating and cooling is quite expensive.
7. Water Could Potentially Freeze During Power Outage
If you live in an area where temperatures can likely fall below the freezing point of water, you will have to worry about ice damaging the components during power outages or when you’re away. You can solve the latter issue if you own a mini-split paired with a smart AC controller that can keep your pipes from freezing even when you’re on vacation.
Here are 20 tips on what to do during a winter power outage.
8. Requires Careful Planning Before Installation
Extensive planning is necessary to ensure that a hydronic heating system will work efficiently. For instance, it’s important to keep the warming elements closer to the ground where people are when installing radiant wall heating. If they’re too high up, the generated heat will be of no use to the inhabitants of the room since radiant heat only warms objects in its line of sight.
9. Lack of Ventilation
Without air circulation, you’ll soon have stagnant air filling your home up, leading to pent-up pollutants and bad odors in your home. To improve the indoor air quality of your home, you can open up windows and doors to allow adequate home ventilation.
10. Furniture Can Be a Hindrance
Radiant heating warms objects by radiation, and the things need to be in the line of sight for them to work efficiently. For example, furniture pulled up against the wall (in the case of radiant wall heating) or thick carpets that act as insulators can bring down the heating abilities of the system.
If now you’ve made up your mind to get a hydronic heating system for your home, then let’s look at its different types.
Types of Hydronic Radiant Heating Systems
Hydronic heating systems have seven basic components that work together to work efficiently. In addition, these components can have several variations that allow you to customize the system according to your needs.
- Boiler: The boiler is the central part of your system and is the means to heat the liquid.
- Liquid medium: Traditionally, most systems use water as a heat transfer medium, although some can use other liquids or antifreeze mixes.
- Thermostat: It controls the temperature in the system and decides when to turn the system on or off to control the climate better.
- Manifold: A plumbing manifold is a hub for directing the water flow in the system and is connected to the thermostat.
- Tubing: The tubes for carrying the liquid medium are usually made of PEX (cross-linked polyethylene) or some other form of plastic rather than copper or different types of rigid tubing.
- Heat Exchanger: A heat exchanger transfers the heat from the pipes to the inside of the house.
- Pump: To maintain a steady flow of heated liquid and constantly replenish the room’s warmth, a pump is used to push the fluid through the pipes.
Some of the variations available for boilers, liquid medium, and heat exchangers are as follows:
Boiler Options
An efficient boiler is the cornerstone of any hydronic heating system that works without heat loss or wasting energy. Some of the options available in boilers are as follows:
- Tankless Hydronic Water Heaters: These heaters are much smaller than the traditional tankless water heaters and work by heating water through their pipes. Since these tanks don’t have a storage tank for retaining water, they provide an on-demand hot water supply.
- Combined Hot Water and Heating Systems Boiler: Also known as combi boilers, these boilers combine a high-efficiency water heater with a central heating boiler. Combi boilers are similar to tankless water heaters because they don’t have a water storage tank.
- Solar Water Heater: Solar heaters will seldom provide enough heat to run the system alone. But when combined with your boiler, they can increase the energy efficiency of your system. Solar panels heat liquid that runs through pipes within a storage tank. This process creates a stream of pre-heated water that will not require much energy from the boiler to reach the right temperature.
- Heat Pumps: Heat pumps use the natural warmth of the ground or air to pre-heat water and make it easier for your boiler to heat the water. There are several different heat pumps that can use varying heat sources like air, ground, or water.
Liquid Options
The liquid medium for the transfer of heat can also vary across systems. Traditionally, most hydronic heating systems have used hot water, which remains the norm today. However, some modern systems also use glycol or other liquids with antifreeze properties. Incorporating these liquids into the system can protect the liquid from freezing in exposed pipes and increase the boiling point.
Heating Exchangers Options and Their Locations
Hydronic heating systems can have several heat exchangers to deliver heat to your living space.
- Underfloor Radiant System: Floor heating systems are one of the most common types of hydronic heating systems due to their ability to provide consistent and comfortable heating throughout your home.
- Baseboard Heaters and Radiators: Hydronic baseboard heaters and radiators are easier to install than floor heating systems in built homes.
- Walls and Ceilings: Like in-floor heating systems, hydronic heating systems can be installed behind walls or in the ceiling to heat any room. However, wall and radiant ceiling systems often use electricity instead of hydronic systems due to the possibility of water damage.
Hydronic heating systems are a great heating option for anyone looking for energy-efficient and even heating. There are many benefits these systems offer other than energy efficiency, such as quiet and clean heating. However, the system also has downsides like an expensive upfront installation cost and air stagnation. But, all in all, these systems are quite efficient!